Katika makala ya mwisho Jinsi pointi za udhibiti wa ardhini na data ya PPK zinavyoathiri usahihi wa jamaa wa modeli ya 3D, tumetaja kuwa pamoja na data za GCPs na PPK, GSD na ndege isiyo na rubani pia zina kiwango fulani cha athari kwenye usahihi wa jamaa wa 3D. model.Kwa hivyo tunafanya mtihani mwingine ili kuithibitisha.
Ndege isiyo na rubani |
Kamera ya oblique |
GCPs |
PPK |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
HAPANA |
HAPANA |
Idadi ya Vitu |
urefu wa kipimo (L0) |
Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L1) GSD=2cm |
Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L2) GSD=1.5cm |
DS1 (L0-L1) |
DS2 (L0-L2) |
1 |
7.210 |
7.18 |
7.20 |
0.030 |
0.010 |
8.706 |
8.69 |
8.65 |
0.016 |
0.056 |
|
10.961 |
10.89 |
10.90 |
0.071 |
0.061 |
|
2 |
7.010 |
6.88 |
6.86 |
0.130 |
0.150 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.76 |
1.76 |
0.062 |
0.062 |
4 |
10.410 |
10.38 |
10.37 |
0.030 |
0.040 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.65 |
10.68 |
0.068 |
0.038 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.72 |
13.71 |
0.067 |
0.077 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.41 |
11.38 |
-0.006 |
0.024 |
12.147 |
12.13 |
12.12 |
0.017 |
0.027 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.44 |
7.49 |
0.086 |
0.036 |
13.797 |
13.83 |
13.77 |
-0.033 |
0.027 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.35 |
10.35 |
0.024 |
0.024 |
10 |
2.109 |
1.98 |
2.09 |
0.129 |
0.019 |
4.281 |
4.14 |
4.19 |
0.141 |
0.091 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.55 |
14.64 |
0.125 |
0.035 |
8.600 |
8.58 |
8.57 |
0.020 |
0.030 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.36 |
13.38 |
0.034 |
0.014 |
13 |
12.940 |
12.95 |
12.91 |
-0.010 |
0.030 |
14 |
7.190 |
7.21 |
7.20 |
-0.020 |
-0.010 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.36 |
13.38 |
0.011 |
-0.009 |
6.435 |
6.37 |
6.43 |
0.065 |
0.005 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.74 |
3.70 |
0.002 |
0.042 |
17 |
6.022 |
6.03 |
5.99 |
-0.008 |
0.032 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.91 |
3.94 |
0.027 |
-0.003 |
19 |
8.120 |
8.09 |
8.12 |
0.030 |
0,000 |
14.411 |
14.40 |
14.37 |
0.011 |
0.041 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.06 |
6.04 |
0.017 |
0.037 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.68 |
13.65 |
0.016 |
0.046 |
RMSE: DS1=0.0397m,DS2=0.0356m |
Ndege isiyo na rubani |
Kamera ya oblique |
GCPs |
PPK |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
Ndiyo |
Hapana |
Idadi ya Vitu |
urefu wa kipimo (L0) |
Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L1) GSD=2cm |
Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L2) GSD=1.5cm |
DS1 (L0-L1) |
DS2 (L0-L2) |
1 |
7.210 |
7.18 |
7.21 |
0.030 |
0 |
8.706 |
8.68 |
8.68 |
0.026 |
0.026 |
|
10.961 |
10.91 |
10.87 |
0.051 |
0.091 |
|
2 |
7.010 |
6.92 |
6.88 |
0.090 |
0.13 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.79 |
1.76 |
0.032 |
0.062 |
4 |
10.410 |
10.39 |
10.38 |
0.020 |
0.03 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.66 |
10.72 |
0.058 |
-0.002 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.77 |
13.79 |
0.017 |
-0.003 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.38 |
11.38 |
0.024 |
0.024 |
12.147 |
12.12 |
12.13 |
0.027 |
0.017 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.47 |
7.53 |
0.056 |
-0.004 |
13.797 |
13.83 |
13.78 |
-0.033 |
0.017 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.34 |
10.37 |
0.034 |
0.004 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.03 |
2.11 |
0.079 |
-0.001 |
4.281 |
4.18 |
4.28 |
0.101 |
0.001 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.59 |
14.67 |
0.085 |
0.005 |
8.600 |
8.57 |
8.58 |
0.030 |
0.02 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.35 |
13.39 |
0.044 |
0.004 |
13 |
12.940 |
12.92 |
12.9 |
0.020 |
0.04 |
14 |
7.190 |
7.21 |
7.19 |
-0.020 |
0 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.36 |
13.37 |
0.011 |
0.001 |
6.435 |
6.43 |
6.42 |
0.005 |
0.015 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.72 |
3.7 |
0.022 |
0.042 |
17 |
6.022 |
6.00 |
5.98 |
0.022 |
0.042 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.94 |
3.91 |
-0.003 |
0.027 |
19 |
8.120 |
8.09 |
8.07 |
0.030 |
0.05 |
14.411 |
14.41 |
14.38 |
0.001 |
0.031 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.03 |
6.04 |
0.047 |
0.037 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.65 |
13.65 |
0.046 |
0.046 |
RMSE: DS1=0.0328m,DS2=0.0259m |
Ndege isiyo na rubani |
Kamera ya oblique |
GCPs |
PPK |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
HAPANA |
NDIYO |
Idadi ya Vitu |
urefu wa kipimo (L0) |
Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L1) GSD=2cm |
Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L2) GSD=1.5cm |
DS1 (L0-L1) |
DS2 (L0-L2) |
1 |
7.210 |
7.20 |
7.20 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
8.706 |
8.71 |
8.69 |
0.00 |
0.02 |
|
10.961 |
10.87 |
10.88 |
0.09 |
0.08 |
|
2 |
7.010 |
6.89 |
6.87 |
0.12 |
0.14 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.79 |
1.75 |
0.03 |
0.07 |
4 |
10.410 |
10.39 |
10.38 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.67 |
10.69 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.75 |
13.78 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.39 |
11.38 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
12.147 |
12.13 |
12.12 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.51 |
7.49 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
13.797 |
13.79 |
13.78 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.35 |
10.34 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.03 |
2.02 |
0.08 |
0.09 |
4.281 |
4.15 |
4.21 |
0.13 |
0.07 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.61 |
14.65 |
0.07 |
0.03 |
8.600 |
8.60 |
8.57 |
0.00 |
0.03 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.37 |
13.40 |
0.02 |
-0.01 |
13 |
12.940 |
12.88 |
12.89 |
0.06 |
0.05 |
14 |
7.190 |
7.20 |
7.18 |
-0.01 |
0.01 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.36 |
13.38 |
0.01 |
-0.01 |
6.435 |
6.40 |
6.46 |
0.03 |
-0.03 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.75 |
3.75 |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
17 |
6.022 |
5.97 |
5.97 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.93 |
3.91 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
19 |
8.120 |
8.10 |
8.08 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
14.411 |
14.40 |
14.38 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.04 |
6.05 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.65 |
13.67 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
RMSE: DS1=0.0342m,DS2=0.0328m |
Ndege isiyo na rubani |
Kamera ya oblique |
GCPs |
PPK |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
NDIYO |
NDIYO |
Idadi ya Vitu |
urefu wa kipimo (L0) |
Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L1) GSD=2cm |
Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L2) GSD=1.5cm |
DS1 (L0-L1) |
DS2 (L0-L2) |
1 |
7.21 |
7.21 |
7.21 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
8.706 |
8.68 |
8.7 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
|
10.961 |
10.90 |
10.89 |
0.06 |
0.07 |
|
2 |
7.01 |
6.98 |
6.99 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.80 |
1.78 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
4 |
10.41 |
10.40 |
10.39 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.70 |
10.69 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.77 |
13.76 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.39 |
11.39 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
12.147 |
12.13 |
12.12 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.49 |
7.51 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
13.797 |
13.81 |
13.8 |
-0.01 |
0.00 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.36 |
10.35 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.02 |
2.11 |
0.09 |
0.00 |
4.281 |
4.16 |
4.28 |
0.12 |
0.00 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.66 |
14.68 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
8.6 |
8.54 |
8.53 |
0.06 |
0.07 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.35 |
13.37 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
13 |
12.94 |
12.89 |
12.91 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
14 |
7.19 |
7.18 |
7.2 |
0.01 |
-0.01 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.35 |
13.35 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
6.435 |
6.41 |
6.4 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.72 |
3.71 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
17 |
6.022 |
5.98 |
5.98 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.89 |
3.89 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
19 |
8.12 |
8.12 |
8.1 |
0.00 |
0.02 |
14.411 |
14.40 |
14.39 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.03 |
6.03 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.66 |
13.64 |
0.04 |
0.06 |
RMSE: DS1=0.0308m,DS2=0.0249m |
Vigezo vya majaribio 1 ni:
1:Pamoja na/Bila data ya PPK.
2:Pamoja na/Bila GCPs.
3:GSD tofauti: 1.5 cm au 2cm
Baada ya uchambuzi wa seti nne za data ya majaribio, tunaweza kupata hitimisho zifuatazo:
Wakati kamera ya oblique ni DG4Pros:
(1) Ikiwa na/Bila sehemu ya udhibiti wa ardhini (GCP) na data ya PPK inayohusika katika utatuzi wa AT, iwe ni VTOL au ndege isiyo na rubani yenye rota nyingi, iwe GSD ni 2cm au 1.5cm, muundo wa 3D uliojengwa na kamera ya oblique DG4Pros. inaweza kukidhi mahitaji ya hitilafu ya usahihi ya jamaa Ds≤10cm(Kwa kweli ≤5cm).
(2) Wakati GSD ni kigezo kimoja, usahihi wa jamaa wa modeli ya 3D yenye GSD=1.5cm ni bora kuliko hiyo GSD=2cm.
Kamera ya oblique |
GCPs |
PPK |
GSD |
DG4pros |
HAPANA |
HAPANA |
1.5cm |
Idadi ya Vitu |
urefu wa kipimo (L0) |
Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L1) CW10 |
Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L2) M600Pro |
DS1 (L0-L1) |
DS2 (L0-L2) |
1 |
7.21 |
7.20 |
7.19 |
0.010 |
0.02 |
8.706 |
8.65 |
8.70 |
0.056 |
0.01 |
|
10.961 |
10.90 |
10.91 |
0.061 |
0.05 |
|
2 |
7.01 |
6.86 |
6.98 |
0.150 |
0.03 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.76 |
1.79 |
0.062 |
0.03 |
4 |
10.41 |
10.37 |
10.39 |
0.040 |
0.02 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.68 |
10.69 |
0.038 |
0.03 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.71 |
13.76 |
0.077 |
0.03 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.38 |
11.38 |
0.024 |
0.02 |
12.147 |
12.12 |
12.12 |
0.027 |
0.03 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.49 |
7.50 |
0.036 |
0.03 |
13.797 |
13.77 |
13.77 |
0.027 |
0.03 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.35 |
10.33 |
0.024 |
0.04 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.09 |
2.02 |
0.019 |
0.09 |
4.281 |
4.19 |
4.20 |
0.091 |
0.08 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.64 |
14.65 |
0.035 |
0.03 |
8.6 |
8.57 |
8.57 |
0.030 |
0.03 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.38 |
13.35 |
0.014 |
0.04 |
13 |
12.94 |
12.91 |
12.92 |
0.030 |
0.02 |
14 |
7.19 |
7.20 |
7.17 |
-0.010 |
0.02 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.38 |
13.35 |
-0.009 |
0.02 |
6.435 |
6.43 |
6.41 |
0.005 |
0.02 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.70 |
3.70 |
0.042 |
0.04 |
17 |
6.022 |
5.99 |
5.99 |
0.032 |
0.03 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.94 |
3.89 |
-0.003 |
0.05 |
19 |
8.12 |
8.12 |
8.08 |
0,000 |
0.04 |
14.411 |
14.37 |
14.36 |
0.041 |
0.05 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.04 |
6.06 |
0.037 |
0.02 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.65 |
13.65 |
0.046 |
0.05 |
RMSE: DS1=0.0356m,DS2=0.342m |
Kamera ya oblique |
GCPs |
PPK |
GSD |
DG4pros |
NDIYO |
HAPANA |
1.5cm |
Idadi ya Vitu |
urefu wa kipimo (L0) |
Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L1) CW10 |
Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L2) M600Pro |
DS1 (L0-L1) |
DS2 (L0-L2) |
1 |
7.21 |
7.21 |
7.21 |
0 |
0.00 |
8.706 |
8.68 |
8.70 |
0.026 |
0.01 |
|
10.961 |
10.87 |
10.91 |
0.091 |
0.05 |
|
2 |
7.01 |
6.88 |
6.98 |
0.13 |
0.03 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.76 |
1.80 |
0.062 |
0.02 |
4 |
10.41 |
10.38 |
10.39 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.72 |
10.70 |
-0.002 |
0.02 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.79 |
13.75 |
-0.003 |
0.04 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.38 |
11.38 |
0.024 |
0.02 |
12.147 |
12.13 |
12.13 |
0.017 |
0.02 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.53 |
7.49 |
-0.004 |
0.04 |
13.797 |
13.78 |
13.79 |
0.017 |
0.01 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.37 |
10.35 |
0.004 |
0.02 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.11 |
2.07 |
-0.001 |
0.04 |
4.281 |
4.28 |
4.21 |
0.001 |
0.07 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.67 |
14.66 |
0.005 |
0.02 |
8.6 |
8.58 |
8.57 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.39 |
13.35 |
0.004 |
0.04 |
13 |
12.94 |
12.9 |
12.93 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
14 |
7.19 |
7.19 |
7.18 |
0 |
0.01 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.37 |
13.36 |
0.001 |
0.01 |
6.435 |
6.42 |
6.42 |
0.015 |
0.01 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.7 |
3.71 |
0.042 |
0.03 |
17 |
6.022 |
5.98 |
6.00 |
0.042 |
0.02 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.91 |
3.91 |
0.027 |
0.03 |
19 |
8.12 |
8.07 |
8.10 |
0.05 |
0.02 |
14.411 |
14.38 |
14.35 |
0.031 |
0.06 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.04 |
6.06 |
0.037 |
0.02 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.65 |
13.67 |
0.046 |
0.03 |
RMSE: DS1=0.0259m,DS2=0.256m |
Vigezo vya majaribio 2 ni:
1:Pamoja na/Bila GCPs.
2:Droni ya Kibeba tofauti:Drone ya VTOL au ndege isiyo na rubani yenye rota nyingi
Baada ya uchambuzi wa seti mbili za data ya majaribio, tunaweza kupata hitimisho zifuatazo:
Wakati kamera ya oblique ni DG4Pros:
(1) Ikiwa na/Bila sehemu ya kudhibiti ardhini (GCP) iwe VTOL au ndege isiyo na rubani yenye rota nyingi, muundo wa 3D ulioundwa na kamera ya oblique DG4Pros unaweza kukidhi mahitaji ya hitilafu ya usahihi ya Ds≤10cm(Kwa kweli ≤5cm).
(2) Wakati aina za ndege zisizo na rubani ni tofauti moja, usahihi wa jamaa wa muundo wa 3D wenye rota nyingi ni bora kuliko ule wa VTOL, lakini tofauti si kubwa sana.
Iliyotangulia:Jinsi urefu wa kuzingatia huathiri matokeo ya uundaji wa 3D
Inayofuata:Mfiduo wa maingiliano
Rudi