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Jinsi GSD na aina za ndege zisizo na rubani zinavyoathiri usahihi wa jamaa wa muundo wa 3D

Katika makala ya mwisho Jinsi pointi za udhibiti wa ardhini na data ya PPK zinavyoathiri usahihi wa jamaa wa modeli ya 3D, tumetaja kuwa pamoja na data za GCPs na PPK, GSD na ndege isiyo na rubani pia zina kiwango fulani cha athari kwenye usahihi wa jamaa wa 3D. model.Kwa hivyo tunafanya mtihani mwingine ili kuithibitisha.

Jaribio la 1: athari za GSD kwenye usahihi wa jamaa wa modeli ya 3D;

Hali 1

Ndege isiyo na rubani

Kamera ya oblique

GCPs

PPK

 CW10 VTOL

DG4pros

HAPANA

HAPANA

Matokeo Jedwali 1:

Idadi ya Vitu

urefu wa kipimo (L0)

Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L1) GSD=2cm

Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L2) GSD=1.5cm

DS1 (L0-L1)

DS2 (L0-L2)

1

7.210

7.18

7.20

0.030

0.010

 

8.706

8.69

8.65

0.016

0.056

 

10.961

10.89

10.90

0.071

0.061

2

7.010

6.88

6.86

0.130

0.150

3

1.822

1.76

1.76

0.062

0.062

4

10.410

10.38

10.37

0.030

0.040

5

10.718

10.65

10.68

0.068

0.038

6

13.787

13.72

13.71

0.067

0.077

7

11.404

11.41

11.38

-0.006

0.024

 

12.147

12.13

12.12

0.017

0.027

8

7.526

7.44

7.49

0.086

0.036

 

13.797

13.83

13.77

-0.033

0.027

9

10.374

10.35

10.35

0.024

0.024

10

2.109

1.98

2.09

0.129

0.019

 

4.281

4.14

4.19

0.141

0.091

11

14.675

14.55

14.64

0.125

0.035

 

8.600

8.58

8.57

0.020

0.030

12

13.394

13.36

13.38

0.034

0.014

13

12.940

12.95

12.91

-0.010

0.030

14

7.190

7.21

7.20

-0.020

-0.010

15

13.371

13.36

13.38

0.011

-0.009

 

6.435

6.37

6.43

0.065

0.005

16

3.742

3.74

3.70

0.002

0.042

17

6.022

6.03

5.99

-0.008

0.032

18

3.937

3.91

3.94

0.027

-0.003

19

8.120

8.09

8.12

0.030

0,000

 

14.411

14.40

14.37

0.011

0.041

20

6.077

6.06

6.04

0.017

0.037

21

13.696

13.68

13.65

0.016

0.046

RMSE: DS1=0.0397m,DS2=0.0356m

Hali 2

Ndege isiyo na rubani

Kamera ya oblique

GCPs

PPK

CW10 VTOL

DG4pros

Ndiyo

Hapana

Matokeo Jedwali 2:

Idadi ya Vitu

urefu wa kipimo (L0)

Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L1) GSD=2cm

Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L2) GSD=1.5cm

DS1 (L0-L1)

DS2 (L0-L2)

1

7.210

7.18

7.21

0.030

0

 

8.706

8.68

8.68

0.026

0.026

 

10.961

10.91

10.87

0.051

0.091

2

7.010

6.92

6.88

0.090

0.13

3

1.822

1.79

1.76

0.032

0.062

4

10.410

10.39

10.38

0.020

0.03

5

10.718

10.66

10.72

0.058

-0.002

6

13.787

13.77

13.79

0.017

-0.003

7

11.404

11.38

11.38

0.024

0.024

 

12.147

12.12

12.13

0.027

0.017

8

7.526

7.47

7.53

0.056

-0.004

 

13.797

13.83

13.78

-0.033

0.017

9

10.374

10.34

10.37

0.034

0.004

10

2.109

2.03

2.11

0.079

-0.001

 

4.281

4.18

4.28

0.101

0.001

11

14.675

14.59

14.67

0.085

0.005

 

8.600

8.57

8.58

0.030

0.02

12

13.394

13.35

13.39

0.044

0.004

13

12.940

12.92

12.9

0.020

0.04

14

7.190

7.21

7.19

-0.020

0

15

13.371

13.36

13.37

0.011

0.001

 

6.435

6.43

6.42

0.005

0.015

16

3.742

3.72

3.7

0.022

0.042

17

6.022

6.00

5.98

0.022

0.042

18

3.937

3.94

3.91

-0.003

0.027

19

8.120

8.09

8.07

0.030

0.05

 

14.411

14.41

14.38

0.001

0.031

20

6.077

6.03

6.04

0.047

0.037

21

13.696

13.65

13.65

0.046

0.046

RMSE: DS1=0.0328m,DS2=0.0259m

Hali ya 3

Ndege isiyo na rubani

Kamera ya oblique

GCPs

PPK

CW10 VTOL

DG4pros

HAPANA

NDIYO

 

Matokeo Jedwali 3:

Idadi ya Vitu

urefu wa kipimo (L0)

Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L1) GSD=2cm

Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L2) GSD=1.5cm

DS1 (L0-L1)

DS2 (L0-L2)

1

7.210

7.20

7.20

0.01

0.01

 

8.706

8.71

8.69

0.00

0.02

 

10.961

10.87

10.88

0.09

0.08

2

7.010

6.89

6.87

0.12

0.14

3

1.822

1.79

1.75

0.03

0.07

4

10.410

10.39

10.38

0.02

0.03

5

10.718

10.67

10.69

0.05

0.03

6

13.787

13.75

13.78

0.04

0.01

7

11.404

11.39

11.38

0.01

0.02

 

12.147

12.13

12.12

0.02

0.03

8

7.526

7.51

7.49

0.02

0.04

 

13.797

13.79

13.78

0.01

0.02

9

10.374

10.35

10.34

0.02

0.03

10

2.109

2.03

2.02

0.08

0.09

 

4.281

4.15

4.21

0.13

0.07

11

14.675

14.61

14.65

0.07

0.03

 

8.600

8.60

8.57

0.00

0.03

12

13.394

13.37

13.40

0.02

-0.01

13

12.940

12.88

12.89

0.06

0.05

14

7.190

7.20

7.18

-0.01

0.01

15

13.371

13.36

13.38

0.01

-0.01

 

6.435

6.40

6.46

0.03

-0.03

16

3.742

3.75

3.75

-0.01

-0.01

17

6.022

5.97

5.97

0.05

0.05

18

3.937

3.93

3.91

0.01

0.03

19

8.120

8.10

8.08

0.02

0.04

 

14.411

14.40

14.38

0.01

0.03

20

6.077

6.04

6.05

0.04

0.03

21

13.696

13.65

13.67

0.05

0.03

RMSE: DS1=0.0342m,DS2=0.0328m

Hali ya 4

Ndege isiyo na rubani

Kamera ya oblique

GCPs

PPK

CW10 VTOL

DG4pros

NDIYO

NDIYO

Matokeo Jedwali 4:

Idadi ya Vitu

urefu wa kipimo (L0)

Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L1) GSD=2cm

Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L2) GSD=1.5cm

DS1 (L0-L1)

DS2 (L0-L2)

1

7.21

7.21

7.21

0.00

0.00

8.706

8.68

8.7

0.03

0.01

10.961

10.90

10.89

0.06

0.07

2

7.01

6.98

6.99

0.03

0.02

3

1.822

1.80

1.78

0.02

0.04

4

10.41

10.40

10.39

0.01

0.02

5

10.718

10.70

10.69

0.02

0.03

6

13.787

13.77

13.76

0.02

0.03

7

11.404

11.39

11.39

0.01

0.01

12.147

12.13

12.12

0.02

0.03

8

7.526

7.49

7.51

0.04

0.02

13.797

13.81

13.8

-0.01

0.00

9

10.374

10.36

10.35

0.01

0.02

10

2.109

2.02

2.11

0.09

0.00

4.281

4.16

4.28

0.12

0.00

11

14.675

14.66

14.68

0.02

0.00

8.6

8.54

8.53

0.06

0.07

12

13.394

13.35

13.37

0.04

0.02

13

12.94

12.89

12.91

0.05

0.03

14

7.19

7.18

7.2

0.01

-0.01

15

13.371

13.35

13.35

0.02

0.02

6.435

6.41

6.4

0.02

0.03

16

3.742

3.72

3.71

0.02

0.03

17

6.022

5.98

5.98

0.04

0.04

18

3.937

3.89

3.89

0.05

0.05

19

8.12

8.12

8.1

0.00

0.02

14.411

14.40

14.39

0.01

0.02

20

6.077

6.03

6.03

0.05

0.05

21

13.696

13.66

13.64

0.04

0.06

RMSE: DS1=0.0308m,DS2=0.0249m

Hitimisho

Vigezo vya majaribio 1 ni:

1:Pamoja na/Bila data ya PPK.

2:Pamoja na/Bila GCPs.

3:GSD tofauti: 1.5 cm au 2cm

Baada ya uchambuzi wa seti nne za data ya majaribio, tunaweza kupata hitimisho zifuatazo:

 

Wakati kamera ya oblique ni DG4Pros:

(1) Ikiwa na/Bila sehemu ya udhibiti wa ardhini (GCP) na data ya PPK inayohusika katika utatuzi wa AT, iwe ni VTOL au ndege isiyo na rubani yenye rota nyingi, iwe GSD ni 2cm au 1.5cm, muundo wa 3D uliojengwa na kamera ya oblique DG4Pros. inaweza kukidhi mahitaji ya hitilafu ya usahihi ya jamaa Ds≤10cm(Kwa kweli ≤5cm).

(2) Wakati GSD ni kigezo kimoja, usahihi wa jamaa wa modeli ya 3D yenye GSD=1.5cm ni bora kuliko hiyo GSD=2cm.

Jaribio la 2: athari za aina za ndege zisizo na rubani kwenye usahihi wa jamaa wa muundo wa 3D

Hali 1

Kamera ya oblique

GCPs

PPK

GSD

DG4pros

HAPANA

HAPANA

1.5cm

Matokeo Jedwali 1:

Idadi ya Vitu

urefu wa kipimo (L0)

Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L1) CW10

Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L2) M600Pro

DS1 (L0-L1)

DS2 (L0-L2)

1

7.21

7.20

7.19

0.010

0.02

 

8.706

8.65

8.70

0.056

0.01

 

10.961

10.90

10.91

0.061

0.05

2

7.01

6.86

6.98

0.150

0.03

3

1.822

1.76

1.79

0.062

0.03

4

10.41

10.37

10.39

0.040

0.02

5

10.718

10.68

10.69

0.038

0.03

6

13.787

13.71

13.76

0.077

0.03

7

11.404

11.38

11.38

0.024

0.02

 

12.147

12.12

12.12

0.027

0.03

8

7.526

7.49

7.50

0.036

0.03

 

13.797

13.77

13.77

0.027

0.03

9

10.374

10.35

10.33

0.024

0.04

10

2.109

2.09

2.02

0.019

0.09

 

4.281

4.19

4.20

0.091

0.08

11

14.675

14.64

14.65

0.035

0.03

 

8.6

8.57

8.57

0.030

0.03

12

13.394

13.38

13.35

0.014

0.04

13

12.94

12.91

12.92

0.030

0.02

14

7.19

7.20

7.17

-0.010

0.02

15

13.371

13.38

13.35

-0.009

0.02

 

6.435

6.43

6.41

0.005

0.02

16

3.742

3.70

3.70

0.042

0.04

17

6.022

5.99

5.99

0.032

0.03

18

3.937

3.94

3.89

-0.003

0.05

19

8.12

8.12

8.08

0,000

0.04

 

14.411

14.37

14.36

0.041

0.05

20

6.077

6.04

6.06

0.037

0.02

21

13.696

13.65

13.65

0.046

0.05

RMSE: DS1=0.0356m,DS2=0.342m

Hali 2

Kamera ya oblique

GCPs

PPK

GSD

DG4pros

NDIYO

HAPANA

1.5cm

 

Matokeo Jedwali 2:

Idadi ya Vitu

urefu wa kipimo (L0)

Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L1) CW10

Urefu wa muundo wa 3D (L2) M600Pro

DS1 (L0-L1)

DS2 (L0-L2)

1

7.21

7.21

7.21

0

0.00

 

8.706

8.68

8.70

0.026

0.01

 

10.961

10.87

10.91

0.091

0.05

2

7.01

6.88

6.98

0.13

0.03

3

1.822

1.76

1.80

0.062

0.02

4

10.41

10.38

10.39

0.03

0.02

5

10.718

10.72

10.70

-0.002

0.02

6

13.787

13.79

13.75

-0.003

0.04

7

11.404

11.38

11.38

0.024

0.02

 

12.147

12.13

12.13

0.017

0.02

8

7.526

7.53

7.49

-0.004

0.04

 

13.797

13.78

13.79

0.017

0.01

9

10.374

10.37

10.35

0.004

0.02

10

2.109

2.11

2.07

-0.001

0.04

 

4.281

4.28

4.21

0.001

0.07

11

14.675

14.67

14.66

0.005

0.02

 

8.6

8.58

8.57

0.02

0.03

12

13.394

13.39

13.35

0.004

0.04

13

12.94

12.9

12.93

0.04

0.01

14

7.19

7.19

7.18

0

0.01

15

13.371

13.37

13.36

0.001

0.01

 

6.435

6.42

6.42

0.015

0.01

16

3.742

3.7

3.71

0.042

0.03

17

6.022

5.98

6.00

0.042

0.02

18

3.937

3.91

3.91

0.027

0.03

19

8.12

8.07

8.10

0.05

0.02

 

14.411

14.38

14.35

0.031

0.06

20

6.077

6.04

6.06

0.037

0.02

21

13.696

13.65

13.67

0.046

0.03

RMSE: DS1=0.0259m,DS2=0.256m

Hitimisho

Vigezo vya majaribio 2 ni:

1:Pamoja na/Bila GCPs.

2:Droni ya Kibeba tofauti:Drone ya VTOL au ndege isiyo na rubani yenye rota nyingi

Baada ya uchambuzi wa seti mbili za data ya majaribio, tunaweza kupata hitimisho zifuatazo:

 

Wakati kamera ya oblique ni DG4Pros:

(1) Ikiwa na/Bila sehemu ya kudhibiti ardhini (GCP) iwe VTOL au ndege isiyo na rubani yenye rota nyingi, muundo wa 3D ulioundwa na kamera ya oblique DG4Pros unaweza kukidhi mahitaji ya hitilafu ya usahihi ya Ds≤10cm(Kwa kweli ≤5cm).

(2) Wakati aina za ndege zisizo na rubani ni tofauti moja, usahihi wa jamaa wa muundo wa 3D wenye rota nyingi ni bora kuliko ule wa VTOL, lakini tofauti si kubwa sana.